Southern Sea Otter Population Trends (3-yr Avg Index) Total CA wide index Delisting Threshold Mainland Total Mainland Independents San Nicolas Total San Nicolas Independents California Summary Tinker, M.T., and Hatfield, B.B., 2017, California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) census results, spring 2017:

sea otter presence exceeded losses to shellfish fisheries many times over. A 2006 study of California sea otter ecotourism in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties estimated a tourism-related income range of $1.5 to $8.2 million from sea otter expansion along a portion of the southern California coastline. Early modeling for Oregon contracted by

2017年8月28日 · Sea otters live in shallow coastal waters in the northern Pacific Ocean. Two sea otter subspecies occur in the United States, the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) and the northern sea otter (E.l. kenyoni). Southern sea otters, also known as California sea otters, live in the waters along the central California coastline.

Southern sea otter counts 1983–2019. Bars show raw counts for each year for the central California mainland and San Nicolas Island (SNI), whereas lines represent 3-year running averages. The annual census was not completed in 2011 (due to weather) or after 2019 (due to COVID-19 restrictions and plane availability). Southern Sea Otter Recovery

Conclusions: Sea otter ecosystem effects vary between coastal habitats Kelp forests • primary productivity, species diversity, enhanced nursery habitat for fish, shoreline stability, carbon fixation, etc. Seagrass: • Sea otters reduce crab populations, facilitating grazers in seagrass beds • Positive effects for eelgrass resilience.

and 2002, the southwest Alaska sea otter population has declined by at least 56–68 percent overall and currently numbers about 41,000 animals. Survey data show that sea otter abundance has declined throughout the region from the western Aleutian Islands to Castle Cape and that the declines in some areas far exceed the average decline.

Capture and relocation of sea otters would expose them to increased risks of mortality and could result in widespread disruption of the southern sea otter population as a whole. Zonal management also artificially restricts the range of the southern sea otter and perpetuates the species’ vulnerability to the adverse effects of oil spills,

Given the rapid increase in the Washington sea otter population (9 percent annually on average since 1989, Jeffries et al. 2016) to a level now approaching one unpublished estimate of carrying capacity (1,854 sea otters (95 percent CI 1,499-2,208), Laidre et al. 2011), and the availability

deaths of stranded sea otters and the addition of complementary studies of sea otter foraging; • annually review and update the southern sea otter stock assessment report; and • consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service to ensure adequate observer coverage of fisheries likely to take sea otters incidentally, particularly fisheries ...

• Indications that sea otter populations were historically managed for sustainability. • Sea otter bone presence in middens along outside waters as well as inside waters. • Likely hunted just for fur, but potentially for food as well. • Behavioral change as a result of intensive hunting 4 Sea Otter Impacts to SEAK Fisheries