2020年5月29日 · A confounding variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study.

2021年2月19日 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can confound the results of an experiment and lead to unreliable findings.

In causal inference, a confounder [a] is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations.

2008年2月1日 · Confounding, sometimes referred to as confounding bias, is mostly described as a ‘mixing’ or ‘blurring’ of effects.1 It occurs when an investigator tries to determine the effect of an exposure on the occurrence of a disease (or other outcome), but then actually measures the effect of another factor, a confounding variable.

2020年9月15日 · A confounding variable is also called a confounder, confounding factor, or lurking variable. Because confounding variables often exist in experiments, correlation does not mean causation. In other words, when you see a change in the independent variable and a change in the dependent variable, you can’t be certain the two variables are related.

We propose that a “confounder” be defined as a pre-exposure covariate C for which there exists a set of other covariates X such that effect of the exposure on the outcome is unconfounded conditional on (X, C) but such that for no proper subset of (X, C) is the effect of the exposure on the outcome unconfounded given the subset. A variable ...

A confounder is thus a third variable—not the exposure, and not the outcome [2] —that biases the measure of association we calculate for the particular exposure/outcome pair. Importantly, from a research perspective, we never want to report a measure of association that is confounded.

A confounder (or 'confounding factor') is something, other than the thing being studied, that could be causing the results seen in a study.

2020年11月3日 · Confounding occurs when there is a relation between a certain characteristic or covariate (C) and group allocation (G) and also between this characteristic and the outcome (O). When the occurs the covariate (C) is termed a confounder. A confounder is prognostic factor – a factor that predicts the outcome of interest; Confounders are usually ...

2024年1月17日 · Confounding variables, also referred to as confounders or lurking variables, are the variables that affect the cause and outcome of a study. However, they are not the variables of primary interest. They serve as an unmeasured third variable that acts as an extraneous factor.