Semu (Chinese: 色目; pinyin: sèmù) is the name of a caste established by the Yuan dynasty. The 31 Semu categories referred to people who came from Central and West Asia. They had come to serve the Yuan dynasty by enfranchising under the dominant Mongol caste.

This paper examines the Semu artisans in the Yuan Empire, clarifying their origin, cultural significance, and the misunderstandings surrounding the term 'Semu ren'. It highlights the movement of artisans from Central Asia to the Far East under Mongol rule, the lack of equivalent terms in other cultures, and the implications of such translations.

2022年1月20日 · 元色目人陶俑 “色目”一词源于前代，意为“各色名目”。 元人使用“色目人”之名，就是指其种类繁多。 当时色目人有多少种，说法不一。 元末人陶宗仪在《南村辍耕录》中列举了31种，清人钱大昕的《元史氏族表》则列为23种。 据近人核查，陶、钱所列既有重出，也有错漏。 因为当时西域、欧洲人的民族成分很繁杂，元人对他们的译名又不划一，所以不可能精确地记载元代色目人的种数。 常见于元人记载的色目人，有唐兀、乃蛮、汪古、回回、畏兀儿、康里 …

《元代色目人家族及其文化倾向研究》采取个案切入与类型分析相结合的方法,对元代因征戍、任官、经商等逐渐留居汉地的土土哈、阿沙不花、唐兀昔里氏、汪古马氏等色目人家族进行深入细致的研究,并在此基础上综合考察其汉化、蒙古化、伊斯兰化等文化变异倾向,探讨此文化变异给元代基层社会带来的多方面影响,包括在元朝地方政治和社会活动中扮演较为特殊的角色,给社会增添了新的民族文化因素和互动交流的契机等。 Includes bibliographical references (p. [337]-345). 更 …

the Yuan Empire were categorized as Semu ren. Comparatively little work has been done on identifying exactly who they were, where they came from, how many of hem there were, and what roles they fulfilled. In the absence of precise data, a number of mis

Next came the semuren (“persons with special status”), confederates of the Mongols such as Turks or Middle Eastern Muslims. The third group was called the hanren (a term that generally means Chinese but that was used to designate the inhabitants of …

2013年2月14日 · "The Semu ren 色目人 in the Yuan Empire" published on 14 Feb 2013 by Brill.

It has been pointed out by many researchers that under the rule of the Mongol empire 2 (including the Yuan dynasty) the inhabitants of China were broadly divided into "Mongolian people" or Mongols (Menggu ren 蒙古人), "various peoples" (Semu ren 色目人), "Chinese" or northern Chinese (Han ren 漢人), and "southerners" or southern Chinese ...

此外，笔者还得知了 Stephen G. Haw, “The Semu ren 色 目人 in the Yuan Empire,” Ming Qing Yanjiu, 18, 2014, pp.39-63.一文的存在。 本文 也大量增补了基于这些论文的探讨以及回应。

2021年3月26日 · Semu 色目 or semuren 色目人, literally "people of separate categories", was a Yuan-period 元 (1279-1368) designation for persons of Central and Western Asia (including Europeans). The word is a general term without further distinguishing between sub-categories of these types of foreigners.