An algebraic structure is a set of objects (such as numbers) with one or more (binary) operations. Examples IN = ZZ+, ZZ, Q, Q+, Q∗, IR, IR+, IR∗, C, C∗, M n(IR), ZZ n = {0,1,...,n − 1}, S is a set of sets. What is abstract algebra? What do you (expect to) learn in abstract algebra classes? We study an abstract algebraic structure of ...