And lots of bacteria and viruses, as well as parasitic worms called helminths are vector-transmitted parasites ... now are waaay more hardcore than us chordates might use parasitic castration.

The sum of scalar quantities can be found by adding their values together.

Figure 1. Comparison of anatomy for mammalian and discussed non-mammalian vertebrates. Both mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates share similar brain anatomy, though region size and organization ...

Figure 1 The antiviral response to Influenza A Virus infection. Following IAV entry and infection, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and RNA degradation products incorporated into endosomes are recognized ...