This column reviews the anatomy of the ... inserted gently into the puncta at a 45–90° angle (Fig. 2). The catheter should easily slip into the canaliculus and lacrimal sac.

In this review, we discuss the anatomy of the upper ... that can contribute to punctal stenosis. Conjunctivochalasis is an under-recognized cause of upper lacrimal system epiphora.

Lacrimal irrigation and probing can demonstrate a punctal or canalicular problem ... is often unnecessary but can be used to show the anatomy of the system and any localized features, such ...