The basic idea is this: in addition to the dark-matter particles themselves, a new GeV-scale force-carrier is postulated (and denoted ϕ) that both mediates the process of dark-matter annihilation ...

In string theory, each type of elementary matter particle—and each type of fundamental force carrier particle that mediates interactions between matter particles—corresponds to a unique string ...

In QGP, the fundamental components of protons and neutrons—quarks (matter particles) and gluons (strong force carriers)—are not bound within particles, but instead exist in a "deconfined ...