Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. At some point, a eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed ...

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own genomes, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The coordination of separate genomes is achieved by both anterograde mechanisms ...

It appears that chloroplasts even siphon off some of the ATP generated by mitochondria, Mehta said. While the new findings do not definitively prove that this is how chloroplasts evolved ...